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They built an urban complex of more than platform and burial mounds , a acre 20 ha plaza larger than 35 football fields, [21] and a woodhenge of sacred cedar, all in a planned design expressing the culture's cosmology. Monks Mound , the center of the site, is the largest Pre-Columbian structure north of the Valley of Mexico.
It is ft 30 m high, ft m long, ft m wide, and covers The finely crafted ornaments and tools recovered by archaeologists at Cahokia include elaborate ceramics, finely sculptured stonework, carefully embossed and engraved copper and mica sheets, and one funeral blanket for an important chief fashioned from 20, shell beads. These artifacts indicate that Cahokia was truly an urban center, with clustered housing, markets, and specialists in toolmaking, hide dressing, potting, jewelry making, shell engraving, weaving and salt making.
The civilization vanished in the 15th century for unknown reasons, but historians and archeologists have speculated that the people depleted the area of resources. Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare. According to Suzanne Austin Alchon, "At one site in the central Illinois River valley, one third of all adults died as a result of violent injuries. The small French settlements continued, although many French migrated west to Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, Missouri , to evade British rule.
A few British soldiers were posted in Illinois, but few British or American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then part of the British Province of Quebec. In a compromise, Virginia and other states that made various claims ceded the area to the new United States in the s and it became part of the Northwest Territory , administered by the federal government and later organized as states.
The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. The Illinois Territory was created on February 3, , with its capital at Kaskaskia , an early French settlement. During the discussions leading up to Illinois's admission to the Union , the proposed northern boundary of the state was moved twice.
Such a boundary would have left Illinois with no shoreline on Lake Michigan at all. However, as Indiana had successfully been granted a 10 mi 16 km northern extension of its boundary to provide it with a usable lakefront, the original bill for Illinois statehood, submitted to Congress on January 23, , stipulated a northern border at the same latitude as Indiana's, which is defined as 10 miles north of the southernmost extremity of Lake Michigan. However, the Illinois delegate, Nathaniel Pope , wanted more, and lobbied to have the boundary moved further north.
This shift added 8, sq mi 22, km 2 to the state, including the lead mining region near Galena. More importantly, it added nearly 50 miles of Lake Michigan shoreline and the Chicago River.
Pope and others envisioned a canal that would connect the Chicago and Illinois rivers and thus connect the Great Lakes to the Mississippi. In , Illinois became the 21st U. The capital remained at Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state.
In , Vandalia became the capital, and over the next 18 years, three separate buildings were built to serve successively as the capitol building. In , the state legislators representing Sangamon County , under the leadership of state representative Abraham Lincoln, succeeded in having the capital moved to Springfield , [32] where a fifth capitol building was constructed.
A sixth capitol building was erected in , which continues to serve as the Illinois capitol today. Though it was ostensibly a " free state ", there was nonetheless slavery in Illinois.
The ethnic French had owned black slaves since the s, and American settlers had already brought slaves into the area from Kentucky. Slavery was nominally banned by the Northwest Ordinance, but that was not enforced for those already holding slaves. When Illinois became a sovereign state in , the Ordinance no longer applied, and about slaves were held in the state. As the southern part of the state, later known as "Egypt" or "Little Egypt", [33] [34] was largely settled by migrants from the South, the section was hostile to free blacks.
Settlers were allowed to bring slaves with them for labor, but, in , state residents voted against making slavery legal. Still, most residents opposed allowing free blacks as permanent residents. Some settlers brought in slaves seasonally or as house servants. In , John A. Logan helped pass a law to prohibit all African Americans, including freedmen , from settling in the state.
The winter of — is called the "Winter of the Deep Snow"; a sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible for the rest of the winter, and many travelers perished. Several severe winters followed, including the "Winter of the Sudden Freeze". On December 20, , a fast-moving cold front passed through, freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter. The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state.
The southern part of the state shipped food north, and this may have contributed to its name: " Little Egypt ", after the Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers. It represents the end of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Chicago region. The survivors were forced back to Iowa. By , the Latter Day Saints had founded a utopian city called Nauvoo.
Located in Hancock County along the Mississippi River, Nauvoo flourished, and soon rivaled Chicago for the position of the state's largest city. Following a succession crisis Latter Day Saints , Brigham Young led most Latter Day Saints out of Illinois in a mass exodus to present-day Utah ; after close to six years of rapid development, Nauvoo rapidly declined afterward.
After it was established in , Chicago gained prominence as a Great Lakes port, and then as an Illinois and Michigan Canal port after , and as a rail hub soon afterward. By , Chicago was Illinois's largest city. In , after lobbying by Dorothea L. Dix , Illinois became one of the first states to establish a system of state-supported treatment of mental illness and disabilities, replacing local almshouses. Dix came into this effort after having met J. King, a Jacksonville, Illinois businessman, who invited her to Illinois, where he had been working to build an asylum for the insane.
With the lobbying expertise of Dix, plans for the Jacksonville State Hospital now known as the Jacksonville Developmental Center were signed into law on March 1, Beginning with President Abraham Lincoln 's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th to the th regiments.
Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments. During the Civil War, and more so afterwards, Chicago's population skyrocketed, which increased its prominence.
The Pullman Strike and Haymarket Riot , in particular, greatly influenced the development of the American labor movement. At the turn of the 20th century, Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million. Many people from other parts of the country were attracted to the state by employment caused by the expanding industrial base. By the end of the century, the population had reached The Century of Progress World's fair was held at Chicago in Illinois manufactured 6.
Illinois had a prominent role in the emergence of the nuclear age. In , as part of the Manhattan Project , the University of Chicago conducted the first sustained nuclear chain reaction. In , Argonne National Laboratory , near Chicago , activated the first experimental nuclear power generating system in the United States.
By , the first privately financed nuclear plant in the United States, Dresden 1 , was dedicated near Morris. In , Fermilab , a national nuclear research facility near Batavia , opened a particle accelerator , which was the world's largest for over 40 years.
With eleven plants currently operating, Illinois leads all states in the amount of electricity generated from nuclear power.
In , Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the recommendation of the American Law Institute and pass a comprehensive criminal code revision that repealed the law against sodomy. The code also abrogated common law crimes and established an age of consent of The first Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American farmers, in The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century, the Great Flood of , inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.
On August 28, , Illinois Governor Bruce Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers. Illinois is located in the Midwest region of the United States and is one of the eight states in the Great Lakes region of North America which also includes Ontario , Canada. This marks the beginning of Illinois's southern border with Kentucky , which runs along the northern shoreline of the Ohio River.
The northeastern border of Illinois lies in Lake Michigan , within which Illinois shares a water boundary with the state of Michigan , as well as Wisconsin and Indiana. Though Illinois lies entirely in the Interior Plains , it does have some minor variation in its elevation.
In extreme northwestern Illinois, the Driftless Area , a region of unglaciated and therefore higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state. Southern Illinois includes the hilly areas around the Shawnee National Forest.
Charles Mound , located in the Driftless region, has the state's highest natural elevation above sea level at 1, ft m. Other highlands include the Shawnee Hills in the south, and there is varying topography along its rivers; the Illinois River bisects the state northeast to southwest. Illinois has three major geographical divisions. Northern Illinois is dominated by Chicago metropolitan area , or Chicagoland, which is the city of Chicago and its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding.
As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes several counties in Illinois, Indiana , and Wisconsin , and has a population of over 9. Chicago itself is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrialized, the transportation hub of the nation, and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups.
The city of Rockford , Illinois's third-largest city and center of the state's fourth largest metropolitan area, sits along Interstates 39 and 90 some 75 mi km northwest of Chicago. The Quad Cities region, located along the Mississippi River in northern Illinois, had a population of , in The midsection of Illinois is the second major division, called Central Illinois. Historically prairie , it is now mainly agricultural and known as the Heart of Illinois.
It is characterized by small towns and medium—small cities. The western section west of the Illinois River was originally part of the Military Tract of and forms the conspicuous western bulge of the state. Agriculture, particularly corn and soybeans , as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figure prominently in Central Illinois.
The third division is Southern Illinois , comprising the area south of U. Southern Illinois is the site of the ancient city of Cahokia , as well as the site of the first state capital at Kaskaskia , which today is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River.
The Illinois suburbs of St. Louis , such as East St. Louis , are located in this region, and collectively, they are known as the Metro-East. The other somewhat significant concentration of population in Southern Illinois is the Carbondale-Marion-Herrin, Illinois Combined Statistical Area centered on Carbondale and Marion , a two-county area that is home to , residents.
Seven Illinois counties are in the area. In addition to these three, largely latitudinally defined divisions, all of the region outside the Chicagoland area is often called " downstate " Illinois. This term is flexible, but is generally meant to mean everything outside the influence of the Chicago area. Thus, some cities in Northern Illinois, such as DeKalb , which is west of Chicago, and Rockford —which is actually north of Chicago—are sometimes incorrectly considered to be 'downstate'.
Illinois has a climate that varies widely throughout the year. The southern part of the state, from about Carbondale southward, has a humid subtropical climate Koppen Cfa , with more moderate winters. Average yearly precipitation for Illinois varies from just over 48 in 1, mm at the southern tip to around 35 in mm in the northern portion of the state.
Normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 in mm in the Chicago area, while the southern portion of the state normally receives less than 14 in mm. Illinois averages approximately 51 days of thunderstorm activity a year, which ranks somewhat above average in the number of thunderstorm days for the United States. Illinois is vulnerable to tornadoes, with an average of 35 occurring annually, which puts much of the state at around five tornadoes per 10, sq mi 30, km 2 annually.
The Tri-State Tornado of killed people in three states; of the victims died in Illinois. The United States Census Bureau found that the population of Illinois was 12,, in the United States census , moving from the fifth-largest state to the sixth-largest state losing out to Pennsylvania. Illinois' population slightly declined in from the United States census by just over 18, residents and the overall population was quite higher than recent census estimates.
Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest region. Chicago, the third-most populous city in the United States , is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area or Chicagoland, as this area is nicknamed. The losses of population anticipated from the census results do not arise from the Chicago metro area; rather the declines are from the Downstate counties. Racial Makeup of Illinois [76]. Racial Makeup of Hispanics in Illinois [76].
According to U. Census Bureau estimates, Illinois's population was If treated as a separate category, Hispanics are the largest minority group in Illinois.
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from At the estimates from the U. Census Bureau , there were 1,, foreign-born inhabitants of the state or Of the foreign-born population, Females made up approximately According to the estimates, Chicago, along the shores of Lake Michigan, is the nation's third largest city. In , The remaining population lives in the smaller cities and rural areas that dot the state's plains.
Chicago is the largest city in the state and the third-most populous city in the United States, with its population of 2,, The U. Census Bureau currently lists seven other cities with populations of over , within Illinois. Based upon the U. Census Bureau's official population: [91] Aurora , a Chicago satellite town that eclipsed Rockford for the title of second-most populous city in Illinois; its population was , Rockford, at ,, is the third-largest city in the state, and is the largest city in the state not located within the Chicago suburbs.
Joliet , located in metropolitan Chicago, is the fourth-largest city in the state, with a population of , Naperville , a suburb of Chicago, is fifth with , Naperville and Aurora share a boundary along Illinois Route Springfield , the state's capital, comes in as sixth-most populous with , residents. Peoria , which decades ago was the second-most populous city in the state, is seventh with , The eighth-largest and final city in the , club is Elgin , a northwest suburb of Chicago, with a population of , The most populated city in the state south of Springfield is Belleville , with 44, people at the census.
It is located in the Illinois portion of Greater St. Louis often called the Metro-East area , which has a rapidly growing population of over , Other major urban areas include the Champaign-Urbana Metropolitan Area , which has a combined population of almost , people, the Illinois portion of the Quad Cities area with about , people, and the Bloomington-Normal area with a combined population of over , The official language of Illinois is English , [93] although between and , state law gave official status to "the American language".
Religion in Illinois [96] [97]. In , Catholics in Illinois numbered 3,, The largest Protestant denominations were the United Methodist Church with , and the Southern Baptist Convention with , members. Illinois played an important role in the early Latter Day Saint movement , with Nauvoo, Illinois becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early s. Nauvoo was the location of the succession crisis , which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into several Latter Day Saint sects.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints , the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon schism, has more than 55, adherents in Illinois today. A significant number of adherents of other Abrahamic faiths can be found in Illinois.
Chicago is also home to a very large population of Hindus , Sikhs , Jains , and Buddhists. As of February , the unemployment rate in Illinois reached 4. Illinois's major agricultural outputs are corn , soybeans , hogs , cattle , dairy products , and wheat. In most years, Illinois is either the first or second state for the highest production of soybeans, with a harvest of The German immigrants from agricultural backgrounds who settled in Illinois in the mid- to late 19th century are in part responsible for the profusion of fruit orchards in that area of Illinois.
As of [update] , Illinois is ranked as the 4th-most productive manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and Ohio.
By the early s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's earlier economies. For example, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange , a trading exchange for global derivatives , had begun its life as an agricultural futures market. Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.
Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production. Illinois exports electricity, ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption. The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as Jacob Loose discovered coal in locations such as Sangamon County.
According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, billion tons of bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the Arabian Peninsula.
In , Illinois produced Most of the coal produced in Illinois is exported to other states and countries. In , Illinois exported three million tons of coal, and was projected to export nine million in , as demand for energy grows in places such as China, India, and elsewhere in Asia and Europe.
Mattoon was chosen as the site for the Department of Energy 's FutureGen project, a megawatt experimental zero emission coal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of funding. In , after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon backed out of the project.
Illinois is ranked 14th in oil production among states, with a daily output of approximately 28, bbl 4, m 3 in Nuclear power arguably began in Illinois with the Chicago Pile-1 , the world's first artificial self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in the world's first nuclear reactor , built on the University of Chicago campus.
Three reactors have been permanently shut down and are in various stages of decommissioning: Dresden-1 and Zion-1 and 2. Illinois ranked first in the nation in in both nuclear capacity and nuclear generation. Generation from its nuclear power plants accounted for 12 percent of the nation's total. Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of wind power for electrical generation. Department of Energy , with some western sections rated "good" and parts of the south rated "poor".
As a result, more areas of Illinois have become prospective wind farm sites. As of September , Illinois had As of , wind energy represented only 1. Illinois is ranked second in corn production among U. Tax is collected by the Illinois Department of Revenue.
State income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate. The property tax is a local—not state—tax, imposed by local government taxing districts, which include counties, townships , municipalities, school districts , and special taxation districts.
The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on real property. On May 1, , the Illinois Senate voted to approve a constitutional amendment that would have stricken language from the Illinois Constitution requiring a flat state income tax, in a 73—44 vote.
If approved, the amendment would have allowed the state legislature to impose a graduated income tax based on annual income. The governor, J. Pritzker , approved the bill on May 27, It was scheduled for a general election ballot vote [] [] and required 60 percent voter approval to effectively amend the state constitution. As of Chicago had the highest state and local sales tax rate for a U.
Toll roads are a de facto user tax on the citizens and visitors to the state of Illinois. Illinois ranks seventh out of the 11 states with the most miles of toll roads, at Chicago ranks fourth in most expensive toll roads in America by the mile, with the Chicago Skyway charging Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago.
Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world. These include the John G. The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country. The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of The Chicago metropolitan area also hosts two zoos: The Brookfield Zoo , located about ten miles west of the city center in suburban Brookfield , contains more than 2, animals and covers acres 87 ha.
The zoo accounts for more than 35 acres 14 ha of the park. The Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Magnolia Manor is a Victorian period historic house museum in Cairo.
The Polish Museum of America in Chicago. Each summer since , Southern Illinois University Carbondale has played host to the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which presents dozens of performances throughout the region.
Past featured artists include the Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim. Chicago , in the northeast corner of the state, is a major center for music [] in the midwestern United States where distinctive forms of blues greatly responsible for the future creation of rock and roll , and house music , a genre of electronic dance music, were developed. The Great Migration of poor black workers from the South into the industrial cities brought traditional jazz and blues music to the city, resulting in Chicago blues and "Chicago-style" Dixieland jazz.
Chicago is also well known for its soul music. In the early s, Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago due to Thomas A. Dorsey 's contributions at Pilgrim Baptist Church. In the s and s, heavy rock , punk , and hip hop also became popular in Chicago. John Hughes , who moved from Grosse Pointe to Northbrook , based many films of his in Chicago , and its suburbs.
As one of the United States' major metropolises, all major sports leagues have teams headquartered in Chicago. Many minor league teams also call Illinois their home. They include:. The two most prominent are the Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats , both members of the Big Ten Conference and the only ones competing in one of the so-called " Power Five conferences ".
The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and three Rose Bowl Games , whereas the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose Bowl Game. The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football. The Loyola Ramblers , with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference.
The Chicago State Cougars , from the city's south side, are one of only two all-sports independents in Division I after leaving the Western Athletic Conference in Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate. Louis compete in the OVC. The city was formerly home to several other teams that either failed to survive or belonged to leagues that folded.
Louis, Missouri after the season. An NBA expansion team known as the Chicago Packers in —, and as the Chicago Zephyrs the following year, moved to Baltimore after the — season. The franchise is now known as the Washington Wizards. Louis Cardinals. Illinois also has several short tracks and dragstrips. Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of the U.
The Illinois state parks system began in with what is now Fort Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing more than 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas. In a study, Illinois was ranked as the 4th easiest state for citizens to vote in. The government of Illinois , under the Constitution of Illinois , has three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial.
The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the governor as chief executive. Legislative functions are granted to the Illinois General Assembly. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts. The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of the member Illinois House of Representatives and the member Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year.
The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments. The government of Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions, but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's services. The Judiciary of Illinois is the unified court system of Illinois. The Supreme Court oversees the administration of the court system.
The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts. Illinois is a Democratic stronghold. However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has gained ground, and Illinois has come to be seen as a solid "blue" state in presidential campaigns.
However, the " collar counties " the suburbs surrounding Chicago's Cook County, Illinois , can be seen as moderate voting districts. Republicans continue to prevail in the rural areas of northern and central Illinois, as well as southern Illinois outside of East St.
From until , Illinois was carried by the victor of each of these 14 presidential elections. By contrast, Illinois has trended more toward the Democratic party, and has voted for their presidential candidates in the last six elections; in , George W.
Bush became the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying either Illinois or Vermont. Local politician and Chicago resident Barack Obama easily won the state's 21 electoral votes in , with George W. Bush and Donald Trump are the only Republican presidential candidates to win without carrying either Illinois or Vermont.
Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governors Adlai Stevenson and James R. In , former governor George Ryan was convicted of racketeering and bribery, leading to a six-and-a-half-year prison sentence. In , then-Governor Rod Blagojevich was served with a criminal complaint on corruption charges, stemming from allegations that he conspired to sell the vacated Senate seat left by President Barack Obama to the highest bidder.
Subsequently, on December 7, , Rod Blagojevich was sentenced to 14 years in prison for those charges, as well as perjury while testifying during the case, totaling 18 convictions.
Blagojevich was impeached and convicted by the legislature, resulting in his removal from office. In the late 20th century, Congressman Dan Rostenkowski was imprisoned for mail fraud; former governor and federal judge Otto Kerner, Jr.
Senate for bribery and in , Governor Len Small was found to have defrauded the state of a million dollars. Illinois has shown a strong presence in presidential elections. Three presidents have claimed Illinois as their political base when running for president: Abraham Lincoln , Ulysses S. Grant , and most recently Barack Obama.
Lincoln was born in Kentucky , but he moved to Illinois at age He served in the General Assembly and represented the 7th congressional district in the U.
House of Representatives before his election to the presidency in Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio and had a military career that precluded settling down, but on the eve of the Civil War and approaching middle age, he moved to Illinois and thus utilized the state as his home and political base when running for president.
Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and made Illinois his home after graduating from law school , and later represented Illinois in the U. He then became president in , running as a candidate from his Illinois base.
Reagan later moved to California during his young adulthood. He then became an actor, and later became California's Governor before being elected president. Hillary Clinton was born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first woman to represent a major political party in the general election of the U. Clinton ran from a platform based in New York State. Of which three have represented Illinois, the most of any single state: Carol Moseley-Braun , [] Barack Obama , [] and Roland Burris , who was appointed to replace Obama after his election to the presidency.
Moseley-Braun was the first African-American woman to become a U. Three families from Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in the Democratic Party , gaining both statewide and national fame.
The Stevenson family , initially rooted in central Illinois and later based in the Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations of Illinois officeholders. The Daley family 's powerbase was in Chicago. The Pritzker family is based in Chicago and have played important roles in both the private and the public sectors. Local municipalities and their respective school districts operate individual public schools, but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with the Illinois School Report Card.
The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies. Education is compulsory for ages 7—17 in Illinois. Schools are commonly, but not exclusively, divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school , and high school.
District territories are often complex in structure. Many areas in the state are actually located in two school districts—one for high school, the other for elementary and middle schools.
And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries. A given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into multiple high school districts. Using the criterion established by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching , there are eleven "National Universities" in the state. The University of Chicago is continuously ranked as one of the world's top ten universities on various independent university rankings, and its Booth School of Business , along with Northwestern's Kellogg School of Management consistently rank within the top five graduate business schools in the country and top ten globally.
The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is often ranked among the best engineering schools in the world and in United States. As of 19 August [update] , six of these rank in the "first tier" among the top National Universities in the nation, as determined by the U. Illinois also has more than twenty additional accredited four-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal arts colleges across the state.
Additionally, Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System. Schools in Illinois are funded primarily by property taxes, based on state assessment of property values, rather than direct state contributions.
The most notable attempt came in with the adoption of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula, a measure through which it was hoped funding could be collected and distributed to Illinois schools more equitably. Because of its central location and its proximity to the Rust Belt and Grain Belt , Illinois is a national crossroads for air, auto, rail, and truck traffic.
From until , Chicago's O'Hare International Airport ORD was the busiest airport in the world, measured both in terms of total flights and passengers. While it was surpassed by Atlanta 's Hartsfield in as Chicago splits its air traffic between O'Hare and Midway airports, while Atlanta uses only one airport , with It is a major hub for both United Airlines and American Airlines , and a major airport expansion project is currently underway.
Midway Airport MDW , which had been the busiest airport in the world at one point until it was supplanted by O'Hare as the busiest airport in , is now the secondary airport in the Chicago metropolitan area and still ranks as one of the nation's busiest airports. Midway is a major hub for Southwest Airlines and services many other carriers as well.
Midway served Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation network. Louis Lincoln Service. Currently there is trackwork on the Chicago—St. Nearly every North American railway meets at Chicago, making it the largest and most active rail hub in the country.
Extensive commuter rail is provided in the city proper and some immediate suburbs by the Chicago Transit Authority 's 'L' system. One of the largest suburban commuter rail system in the United States, operated by Metra , uses existing rail lines to provide direct commuter rail access for hundreds of suburbs to the city and beyond. In addition to the state's rail lines, the Mississippi River and Illinois River provide major transportation routes for the state's agricultural interests.
The Interstate Highways in Illinois are all segments of the Interstate Highway System that are owned and maintained by the state. Illinois has the distinction of having the most primary two-digit interstates pass through it among all the 50 states with Illinois also ranks third among the fifty states with the most interstate mileage, coming in after California and Texas, which are much bigger states in area.
Major U. S Highways in Illinois. The system in Illinois consists of 21 primary highways. Among the U. Illinois license plate design used throughout the s and s, displaying the Land of Lincoln slogan that has been featured on the state's plates since From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For the river, see Illinois River. For other uses, see Illinois disambiguation. State in the United States. Charles Mound [1] [2] [3]. Confluence of Mississippi River and Ohio River [2] [3].
Flag of Illinois. See also: Illinois Confederation and List of counties in Illinois. Main article: History of Illinois. Main article: Geology of Illinois. Main article: Illinois in the American Civil War. Main article: Geography of Illinois. Further information: List of ecoregions in Illinois. Main article: Climate of Illinois. See also: St. Louis tornado history. Racial Makeup of Illinois [76] White alone Black alone Native American alone 0.
Asian Alone 5. Pacific Islander Alone 0. Some other race alone 5. Two or more races 2. Black NH Native American NH 0. Asian NH 5. Pacific Islander NH 0. Other NH 0. Two or more races NH 2. Hispanic Any Race Racial Makeup of Hispanics in Illinois [76] White alone Black alone 1.
Asian Alone 0. Other race alone Two or more races 4. This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. June See also: Illinois statistical areas and List of municipalities in Illinois.
Largest cities or towns in Illinois U. Census Bureau Estimate [92]. Main article: Languages of Illinois. Main article: Economy of Illinois. See also: List of Illinois locations by per capita income. Main article: Agriculture in Illinois.
See also: List of power stations in Illinois and Solar power in Illinois. Main article: Nuclear power in the United States. Main article: Wind power in Illinois. For a more comprehensive list, see List of museums in Illinois. Main article: Music of Illinois. For a more comprehensive list, see List of professional sports teams in Illinois.
For a more comprehensive list, see List of protected areas of Illinois. Main articles: Law of Illinois and Politics of Illinois. Main article: Government of Illinois. Main article: Political corruption in Illinois. Main article: United States presidential elections in Illinois.
Main article: Illinois State Board of Education. See also: List of school districts in Illinois and List of high schools in Illinois. For a more comprehensive list, see List of colleges and universities in Illinois. Main article: List of Interstate Highways in Illinois. Main article: List of U. Highways in Illinois. Illinois portal United States portal. NGS data sheet. National Geodetic Survey. Retrieved October 20, United States Geological Survey.
Archived from the original on November 2, Retrieved October 21, United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, Retrieved April 26, Median Household Income Up in From ". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 30, Retrieved July 12, Illinois Compiled Statutes.
Springfield, Illinois: Illinois General Assembly. September 4, Archived from the original on March 5, Retrieved April 10, Official language. The official language of the State of Illinois is English. Carbondale, Illinois: The Southern Illinoisan. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 14, May 16, Archived from the original on December 26, Illinois Periodicals Online. Archived from the original on October 10, Encyclopedia of Chicago.
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Archived from the original on June 23, However, this feature has rarely been used, as it was historically covered by patents requiring royalty-bearing licenses, and because it is slower to encode and decode compared to Huffman coding. The previous quantized DC coefficient is used to predict the current quantized DC coefficient. The difference between the two is encoded rather than the actual value.
The encoding of the 63 quantized AC coefficients does not use such prediction differencing. The zigzag sequence for the above quantized coefficients are shown below. This encoding mode is called baseline sequential encoding. Baseline JPEG also supports progressive encoding. While sequential encoding encodes coefficients of a single block at a time in a zigzag manner , progressive encoding encodes similar-positioned batch of coefficients of all blocks in one go called a scan , followed by the next batch of coefficients of all blocks, and so on.
Once all similar-positioned coefficients have been encoded, the next position to be encoded is the one occurring next in the zigzag traversal as indicated in the figure above. It has been found that baseline progressive JPEG encoding usually gives better compression as compared to baseline sequential JPEG due to the ability to use different Huffman tables see below tailored for different frequencies on each "scan" or "pass" which includes similar-positioned coefficients , though the difference is not too large.
In the rest of the article, it is assumed that the coefficient pattern generated is due to sequential mode. The JPEG standard provides general-purpose Huffman tables; encoders may also choose to generate Huffman tables optimized for the actual frequency distributions in images being encoded. The process of encoding the zig-zag quantized data begins with a run-length encoding explained below, where:. The run-length encoding works by examining each non-zero AC coefficient x and determining how many zeroes came before the previous AC coefficient.
With this information, two symbols are created:. The higher bits deal with the number of zeroes, while the lower bits denote the number of bits necessary to encode the value of x. This has the immediate implication of Symbol 1 being only able store information regarding the first 15 zeroes preceding the non-zero AC coefficient.
One is for ending the sequence prematurely when the remaining coefficients are zero called "End-of-Block" or "EOB" , and another when the run of zeroes goes beyond 15 before reaching a non-zero AC coefficient.
In such a case where 16 zeroes are encountered before a given non-zero AC coefficient, Symbol 1 is encoded "specially" as: 15, 0 0. The overall process continues until "EOB" — denoted by 0, 0 — is reached.
See above. From here, frequency calculations are made based on occurrences of the coefficients. In our example block, most of the quantized coefficients are small numbers that are not preceded immediately by a zero coefficient. These more-frequent cases will be represented by shorter code words. The resulting compression ratio can be varied according to need by being more or less aggressive in the divisors used in the quantization phase.
Ten to one compression usually results in an image that cannot be distinguished by eye from the original. A compression ratio of is usually possible, but will look distinctly artifacted compared to the original. The appropriate level of compression depends on the use to which the image will be put. Those who use the World Wide Web may be familiar with the irregularities known as compression artifacts that appear in JPEG images, which may take the form of noise around contrasting edges especially curves and corners , or "blocky" images.
These are due to the quantization step of the JPEG algorithm. They are especially noticeable around sharp corners between contrasting colors text is a good example, as it contains many such corners. The analogous artifacts in MPEG video are referred to as mosquito noise , as the resulting "edge busyness" and spurious dots, which change over time, resemble mosquitoes swarming around the object.
These artifacts can be reduced by choosing a lower level of compression ; they may be completely avoided by saving an image using a lossless file format, though this will result in a larger file size. The images created with ray-tracing programs have noticeable blocky shapes on the terrain. Certain low-intensity compression artifacts might be acceptable when simply viewing the images, but can be emphasized if the image is subsequently processed, usually resulting in unacceptable quality.
Consider the example below, demonstrating the effect of lossy compression on an edge detection processing step. Some programs allow the user to vary the amount by which individual blocks are compressed. Stronger compression is applied to areas of the image that show fewer artifacts. This way it is possible to manually reduce JPEG file size with less loss of quality. Since the quantization stage always results in a loss of information, JPEG standard is always a lossy compression codec.
Information is lost both in quantizing and rounding of the floating-point numbers. Even if the quantization matrix is a matrix of ones , information will still be lost in the rounding step. Rounding the output to integer values since the original had integer values results in an image with values still shifted down by This is the decompressed subimage.
If this occurs, the decoder needs to clip the output values so as to keep them within that range to prevent overflow when storing the decompressed image with the original bit depth. The error is most noticeable in the bottom-left corner where the bottom-left pixel becomes darker than the pixel to its immediate right. These requirements are specified in ITU. T Recommendation T. For example, the output of a decoder implementation must not exceed an error of one quantization unit in the DCT domain when applied to the reference testing codestreams provided as part of the above standard.
While unusual, and unlike many other and more modern standards, ITU. JPEG compression artifacts blend well into photographs with detailed non-uniform textures, allowing higher compression ratios. Notice how a higher compression ratio first affects the high-frequency textures in the upper-left corner of the image, and how the contrasting lines become more fuzzy. The very high compression ratio severely affects the quality of the image, although the overall colors and image form are still recognizable.
However, the precision of colors suffer less for a human eye than the precision of contours based on luminance. This justifies the fact that images should be first transformed in a color model separating the luminance from the chromatic information, before subsampling the chromatic planes which may also use lower quality quantization in order to preserve the precision of the luminance plane with more information bits. For information, the uncompressed bit RGB bitmap image below 73, pixels would require , bytes excluding all other information headers.
The filesizes indicated below include the internal JPEG information headers and some metadata. On grayscale images, a minimum of 6. For most applications, the quality factor should not go below 0. The image at lowest quality uses only 0.
This is useful when the image will be displayed in a significantly scaled-down size. The medium quality photo uses only 4. However, once a certain threshold of compression is passed, compressed images show increasingly visible defects. See the article on rate—distortion theory for a mathematical explanation of this threshold effect.
More modern designs such as JPEG and JPEG XR exhibit a more graceful degradation of quality as the bit usage decreases — by using transforms with a larger spatial extent for the lower frequency coefficients and by using overlapping transform basis functions. From to , new research emerged on ways to further compress the data contained in JPEG images without modifying the represented image.
Standard general-purpose compression tools cannot significantly compress JPEG files. Typically, such schemes take advantage of improvements to the naive scheme for coding DCT coefficients, which fails to take into account:. Some standard but rarely used options already exist in JPEG to improve the efficiency of coding DCT coefficients: the arithmetic coding option, and the progressive coding option which produces lower bitrates because values for each coefficient are coded independently, and each coefficient has a significantly different distribution.
Modern methods have improved on these techniques by reordering coefficients to group coefficients of larger magnitude together; [55] using adjacent coefficients and blocks to predict new coefficient values; [57] dividing blocks or coefficients up among a small number of independently coded models based on their statistics and adjacent values; [56] [57] and most recently, by decoding blocks, predicting subsequent blocks in the spatial domain, and then encoding these to generate predictions for DCT coefficients.
It contains two static images, one for the left eye and one for the right eye; encoded as two side-by-side images in a single JPG file. This file format can be viewed as a JPEG without any special software, or can be processed for rendering in other modes. It contains two or more JPEG files concatenated together. Other devices use it to store "preview images" that can be displayed on a TV.
In the last few years, due to the growing use of stereoscopic images, much effort has been spent by the scientific community to develop algorithms for stereoscopic image compression.
It was first published in and was key for the success of the standard. In March , Google released the open source project Guetzli , which trades off a much longer encoding time for smaller file size similar to what Zopfli does for PNG and other lossless data formats. Extension layers are used to modify the JPEG 8-bit base layer and restore the high-resolution image.
Existing software is forward compatible and can read the JPEG XT binary stream, though it would only decode the base 8-bit layer. The standard should also offer higher bit depths 12—16 bit integer and floating point , additional color spaces and transfer functions such as Log C from Arri , embedded preview images, lossless alpha channel encoding, image region coding, and low-complexity encoding.
Any patented technologies would be licensed on a royalty-free basis. The proposals were submitted by September , leading to a committee draft in July , with file format and core coding system were formally standardized on 13 October and 30 March respectively. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 1 August Lossy compression method for reducing the size of digital images. A photo of a European wildcat with the compression rate decreasing and hence quality increasing, from left to right.
Left: a final image is built up from a series of basis functions. Right: each of the DCT basis functions that comprise the image, and the corresponding weighting coefficient.
Middle: the basis function, after multiplication by the coefficient: this component is added to the final image. Main article: Entropy encoding. Slight differences are noticeable between the original top and decompressed image bottom , which is most readily seen in the bottom-left corner. September Retrieved 12 July Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved The effects of video compression on acceptability of images for monitoring life sciences experiments Technical report.
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Mitchell JPEG still image data compression standard 3rd ed. ISBN Library of Congress. Ecma International. Archived from the original on August 17, CNET News. February 3, May 26, Public Patent Foundation. November 2, Patent No. Archived from the original on June 2, Microsoft Developer Network. Video Imaging DesignLine. February 24, Retrieved May 28, Electronic Imaging. Bibcode : JEI Bauermann and E. Ponomarenko, K. Egiazarian, V.
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RTP Ogg. Comparison of audio coding formats Comparison of video codecs List of codecs. See Compression methods for techniques and Compression software for codecs. Graphics file formats.
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